The American economy, like most world economies today, is run on a system of fiat money, or money that is assigned its value by government decree. Since this money has no intrinsic value of its own, its value and supply must be carefully managed and regulated, not just within the nation’s borders but also in accordance with the economies of all other nations. In light of this need for careful stewardship of the economy, the United States maintains a central bank, called the Federal Reserve (or, more commonly, the Fed).

The Fed as it exists today is actually the United States’ fourth attempt at founding a central bank. In the midst of the Revolutionary War, America’s Continental Congress ratified the Articles of Confederation, which, among other edicts, gave Congress the power to issue bills of credit. A private national bank, modeled after the Bank of England, was established shortly thereafter, but was denied the opportunity to become a central national bank due to unease about foreign influence and other political concerns. The official First Bank of the United States was created in 1791, and lasted 20 years before being denied a renewal of charter by President James Madison. The Second Bank of the United States opened in 1816, and it too only lasted 20 years before President Andrew Jackson shut it down. Political opposition to the very idea of a central bank had been a chief culprit of these failures, and it would be almost a century before the United States would try again.

In 1907, a profound financial panic occurred, a direct result of a failed attempt by stock traders to corner the market on shares of the United Copper Company. The failure created a series of bank runs on those institutions that had backed the bid. As is often the case with bank runs, the atmosphere of worry spread nationwide, causing other banks to suffer runs and even leading to the collapse of, at the time, the third-largest financial trust in New York City, the Knickerbocker Trust Company. With no central bank in existence to attempt stabilization of the economy with an infusion of currency, the only reason that the crisis did not fling the country into irreparable economic turmoil was the work of private business tycoons such as J.P. Morgan, who banded together and contributed much of their own capital to bolster the banks. It was this barely dodged catastrophe that led to a series of financial reforms over the next few years, culminating in 1913 when Congress and President Woodrow Wilson passed the Federal Reserve Act.

In structure, the Federal Reserve is unique among the world’s central banks. Although it is designed to function as an entity “independent” of the federal government, thereby limiting its exposure to political influence, the Fed also employs a mixture of private and public sections in its operation—most similar banks in the world operate under either entirely private or entirely public ownership. It is also the only such bank to not make its own currency (which is instead printed by the United States Treasury). The Fed is managed by a Board of Governors, all of whom are presidential appointees, and is also comprised of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) and representatives from twelve other Federal Reserve Banks located throughout the country.

The Fed has been reformed a number of times since 1913, especially so after the recovery from the Great Depression. Currently, its chief mandate is to provide the means to deal with bank panics, but it also sets interest rates, operates as a lender of last resort in case the banking system is in need of capital, and generally regulates the entire money supply by balancing the factors of employment rates and inflation. The importance of these functions to the American economy cannot be overstated. Any competent financial player in any market knows that a key component of success or ruin is an ability to observe, analyze, and possibly predict the actions of The Fed…and any competent Board of Governors is aware that The Fed is being closely watched.

Market Comment
Mortgage bond prices fell last week pushing mortgage interest rates higher. Trading was positive for the week through Wednesday’s close. The data was generally benign, causing no large mortgage bond market swings. Unfortunately, a strong 273-point jump in the DOW Thursday resulted in mortgage rates worsening by about 3/8 of a discount point that afternoon. Fortunately, bond prices recovered some Friday, as the stocks were unable to hold those gains.

Rates rose by about 1/8 of a discount point for the week.

The producer and consumer price index data will be the most important releases this week. If inflation remains tame, mortgage interest rates may improve. Expect global economies to continue to factor into trading.

Industrial Production
The Federal Reserve releases the Industrial Production report each month. It is a real measure of output from manufacturing, mining, electric, and gas utilities. The data is significant in that it provides an indicator of the state of the economy. Analysts use the data to attempt to determine market direction. The Fed uses the data to help set the course for monetary policy. Generally the Fed likes to see steady growth in the economy with little price pressures.

Mortgage interest rates generally react favorably to weaker than expected industrial production data. In times of economic weakness, investors often move out of stocks and into mortgage bonds. When things look good, investors often move out of bonds and back into stocks. We have seen these patterns frequently in recent months.

Floating into significant economic data always has some risk involved but the last release came in as expected and didn’t move the market much. However, now is a great time to take advantage of mortgage interest rates at these historically low levels to avoid future market movement.

Market Comment
Mortgage bond prices fell last week pushing mortgage interest rates considerably higher. The bond market took a hit as inflation concerns emerged after the stronger than expected producer price index data. Producer prices surged in January amid higher energy costs to almost double expectations. The Fed made a surprise rate hike to the discount rate that also resulted in mortgage rate increases. The only positive was the tame consumer inflation reading Friday morning, but we were unable to rebound from the earlier losses.

Unfortunately, rates rose over a full discount point for the week.

This Tuesday’s consumer confidence data will set the tone for trading this week. New home sales, weekly jobless claims, and the gross domestic product data may also move the financial markets. The Treasury will auction $118B in 2/5/7-year notes starting Tuesday. The additional supply may cause interest rate fluctuation.

Fed Action Causes Uncertainty
The Federal Reserve caught market participants by surprise with their 25 basis point discount rate hike last week. While analysts were split on whether the Fed would raise rates this year, that question has now been answered. The move resulted in fluctuation in most of the US financial markets.

The discount rate is the interest rate charged to commercial banks on loans they receive from the Fed. The rate hike is an effort to pull back the aid provided by extraordinary low rates amid the global economic decline. The Fed specifically noted the move was needed “in light of continued improvement in financial market conditions.” Many analysts noted the earlier warnings from Fed Bernanke that rate hikes were coming but very few, if any, expected the move this soon.
While the rate hike resulted in mortgage bond price weakness in the short-term, the long-term outlook is less certain. Most analysts believe inflation remains in check, but at the same time the Fed purchasing of MBS will soon be over. A cautious approach to “float” and “lock” decisions is prudent, given current market conditions.

Market Comment


Mortgage bond prices fell last week pushing mortgage interest rates slightly higher. Most of the data early in the week was bond-friendly. Unfortunately, with the Fed reiterating that they are not purchasing bonds after the first quarter, bond prices tumbled Wednesday afternoon. This was followed by stronger than expected gross domestic product, employment cost index, and PCE price data Friday morning. Bonds were helped Friday afternoon as stocks remained jittery.

Interest rates rose by about 1/8 of a discount point for the week.

The employment report Friday will be the most important event this week. Income, outlays, ISM Index, productivity, and factory orders data may also move the market. The ADP payrolls data will be carefully watched as they are an important view of the employment situation.

ISM


The Institute for Supply Management (ISM), formerly the National Association of Purchasing Management (NAPM), releases the “Report on Business” on the first working day of each month. Part of this report is the “diffusion index,” which tracks the economy’s ups and downs fairly well.

In conducting this survey, the ISM questions purchasing executives from over 250 industrial companies, compiling data on production, orders, commodity prices, inventories, vendor performance, and employment. Each of the respondents is asked to rank the categories as “up” or “down.” Various weights are applied to the individual components to form the composite index.

A composite index reading of 50 can be thought of as a “swing point.” A reading above 50 implies an increase in economic activity, while a reading below 50 indicates a decline. As a general rule of thumb, when the index approaches 60, investors begin to worry about an overheated economy. A slide below 40 suggests that recession is at hand.

The ISM report is difficult for economists to forecast because there is little data upon which to base an educated guess. The report has a large “surprise factor” and can often prompt a significant market reaction. Be cautious going into the data.

Market Comment
Mortgage bond prices rose last week pushing mortgage interest rates lower. The bond market rallied following crumbling stocks, as the DOW fell 213 points Thursday. Weekly jobless claims came in higher than expected, causing unemployment fears to cast a shadow over the state of the economy. In a consumer based economy it is difficult for people to spend money without a job. The producer price index was mixed as the headline figure was higher than expected, but the core was lower than expected.

For the week, interest rates fell by about 1/4 of a discount point.

The Fed meeting Wednesday will be the most important event this week. The Treasury will continue the record auctions with 2-year notes on Tuesday, 5-year notes on Wednesday, and 7-year notes on Thursday. If foreign demand remains decent, rates should hold near current levels. However, a drop in foreign demand will likely cause rates to head higher.

Fed Focus
The United States central bank, the Federal Reserve, coordinates the borrowing and lending activities of federally chartered banks. The principal reason the Federal Reserve was created was to reduce severe financial crises. One way of accomplishing this goal is to control the amount of money that flows through the economy. By manipulating the US money supply, the Fed influences inflation, unemployment, and the level of US economic activity. The Fed has a variety of tools that it uses to control the money supply, but its chief policy tool is the manipulation of short-term interest rates.

All eyes will be focused on the Federal Open Market Committee meeting Wednesday. No rate changes are expected. However, many analysts and traders believe rate hikes are on the horizon. Futures contracts show traders are pricing in a 77% chance the Fed will raise rates by November. Others argue those positions will be wrong because the economy isn’t strong enough for the Fed to change rates.

A cautious approach to float/lock decisions is prudent heading into the Fed meeting this week. Be prepared for potential market fluctuation.